Spatial variation of soil organic carbon concentrations and stable isotopic composition in 1-ha plots of forest and pasture in Costa Rica: implications for the natural abundance technique

The goal of this study was to examine spatial variation of soil organic C and its stable isotopic composition (δ¹³C) in 1-ha plots of mature rain forest and a cattle pasture dominated by C4 grasses in Costa Rica. Soil samples were taken from 80 mapped locations per plot and analyzed for organic C and δ¹³C. The range of values for soil C concentrations was similar between forest and pasture, although the mean values were higher in the forest. δ¹³C was narrowly constrained in the forest (from −27.96 to −26.09‰) but varied from −15.09 to −28.59‰ in the pasture. Variograms revealed spatial autocorrelation of soil C and δ¹³C in the pasture and organic C concentration in the forest soil. The large range and spatial variability of δ¹³C in the pasture site may be due to varying contributions of C3 and C4 vegetation to the soil C pool, which may limit the usefulness of the natural abundance technique as a precise tracer of soil C dynamics in this pasture.     

甘肃省土地利用综合效益空间分异研究

以甘肃省87个区县2006年土地利用状况为依据,建立了包括17个评价因子的土地利用综合效益评价指标体系。在此基础上,采用因子分析法和空间自相关分析,对甘肃省各县土地利用综合效益及其空间分异进行了评价。结果表明:甘肃省各县区土地利用综合效益空间差异明显,集约利用、生态和粮食安全因子存在显著的空间自相关,土地集约利用分异程度最大。研究结果对制定差异化土地利用战略从而实现甘肃省土地资源的合理利用与调控,促进区域之间以及社会、经济与生态环境的协调发展具有参考意义。     

三江平原环型湿地土壤养分的空间分布规律

以三江平原环型湿地作为研究对象，对其环带状植被区湿地土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾的空间分布规律进行了初步研究。结果表明，环型湿地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾具有明显的空间水平分异规律，有机质、全氮、全磷的含量由环型湿地中心向边缘逐渐减少，全钾的含量和碳氮比逐渐增加。土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾在垂直方向上具有明显的分层和富聚现象，自上而下，有机质的含量逐渐降低；全氮含量除漂筏苔草群落外，其他各群落土壤全氮含量呈先增加后减少的分布；大部分植物群落全磷含量呈先减后增的“V”型分布；全钾含量呈表层和底层较高、中间层较低的“中空”状分布。通过相关分析表明，环型湿地土壤有机碳与全氮具有相似的空间分布规律，全钾与有机碳、全氮具有相异的空间分布规律，而全磷具有自己独特的空间分布规律。环型湿地土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾的空间分布主要受植物体元素含量、生物过程和水文地貌过程影响，它通过过程影响湿地的功能。研究环型湿地的有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾的空间分布规律不仅有助于完善湿地土壤形成和发育的理论，探明湿地的生态过程和功能，而且为合理利用和保护湿地提供科学依据。     

武夷山风景名胜区景观类型空间关系及其尺度效应初探

对武夷山风景名胜区景观类型空间关系及其尺度效应研究结果表明 ,景观类型空间关系存在尺度效应 ,尺度变化对破碎化程度高的景观类型空间关系影响较大 ,而对破碎化程度低的景观类型空间关系影响较小。研究景观类型空间关系时其取样尺度不宜太大 ,武夷山风景名胜区以 2 0 0m× 2 0 0m取样尺度最佳。武夷山风景名胜区景观类型空间关系特征为低海拔高度区呈现出以居民点为中心的由农田、河流等向周围扩散的干扰景观格局 ,而中高海拔高度区则呈以近成熟、成过熟林占优势的天然马尾松林为主体的人为干扰较小的天然景观格局     

Spatial heterogeneity in the relocation of added C within the structure of an upland grassland soil

A pulse of ¹³CO₂ was added to the above ground vegetation in an upland grassland to determine the effects of faunal diversity on the flux of carbon to the surface horizons of the soil. Faunal diversity was manipulated by liming and biocide treatments for three years prior to the pulse addition. The relocation of ¹³C within roots and rhizosphere soil was determined by analysis of samples of bulk soil and of specific features identified on soil thin sections on four dates after the addition of the ¹³CO₂ pulse. Analysis of bulk soils showed only a small enrichment in ¹³C and no significant effects of the treatments. Analysis by isotope ratio mass spectrometry of the products of in situ laser combustion of root material and aggregates formed from faunal excrement showed that the distribution of the newly photosynthesised ¹³C is very localised, with large spatial variability in soil and root δ¹³C at scales of less than 1 mm. δ¹³C values ranged from the natural abundance level of around −28‰ to −4.9‰ in roots and to −8.4‰ in aggregates. The small pulse and large spatial variability masked any effects of the liming and biocide treatments in these soils. However, the variability in the relocation of newly photosynthesised carbon may help to explain the large spatial variability found in bacterial numbers at the sub-mm scale within soils and emphasises the importance of the accessibility of substrates to decomposers in undisturbed structured soils.     

Genetic variation of the durum wheat landrace Haurani from different agro-ecological regions

The durum wheat landrace Haurani (Triticum durum Desf.) is grown under contrasting climatic regions of Syria from Deir Ezzor, in the North-East (230 m altitude, 150 mm mean annual rainfall), to Qunaytra, in the South-West (1060 m altitude, 825 mm mean annual rainfall). In order to assess the genetic variation between and within Haurani populations, samples from eight provinces of Syria (Daraa, Damascus, Qunaytra, Deir Ezzor, Hassakeh, Aleppo, Homs and Hama) were analysed by RFLPs and seed storage proteins of glutenin subunits as markers. The analyses showed the presence of genetic polymorphisms in all populations with the highest values in those from Homs and Hassakeh. Moreover, the results point out differences in genetic distances between populations; some populations were further apart, such as Damascus and Aleppo, whereas others were closer to each other, for instance Homs and Hama. Cluster analysis identified two distinct groups of populations, characterized by geographical proximity, with similar rainfall and altitude. It is suggested that the similarity of landraces at locations close to each other might be the result of more frequent seed exchanges between farmers or of gene flow due to 5% estimated outcross rate of Haurani.     

Carbon mineralisation in soil adjacent to plant residues of contrasting biochemical quality

A fraction of the C of residues incorporated into soil diffuses into the adjacent soil where it is eventually mineralised by microorganisms. Our aim was to quantify the contribution of this adjacent soil to the overall mineralisation of residue-C. For this, we incorporated two different residues labelled with ¹³C, with contrasting biochemical characteristics, namely mature wheat straw and young rye leaves, in soil cores. When 15% mineralisation of residue-C was measured for both residues, we separated a particulate fraction (the residues), the adjacent soil (4-5 mm thick) and a distant soil fraction, and incubated them separately for 5 h. We found that 76% of the mineralised wheat straw-C came from the particulate fraction and 23% from the soil adjacent to the residues. For rye leaves, 67% of the evolved CO₂ came from the particulate fraction and 33% from the adjacent soil. It showed that the adjacent soil had a significant role in the mineralisation of carbon from the residues, even if the main source of residue-derived CO₂ was the particulate fraction itself. The functional importance of the soil adjacent to the residues increased with the amount of soluble organic compounds that had been leached from the residue into the adjacent soil, suggesting a strong interaction between the initial quality of the crop residue and the resulting spatial heterogeneity of the decomposing microorganisms and C within the soil.     

50年来太湖水网地区城市化空间过程的监测与模拟 Ⅰ宜兴城区城市用地扩展的遥感监测

长期以来,由于历史数据的缺乏,很难获得解放后我国城市扩展的完整过程。本研究在遥感、地理信息系统技术支持下,采用7个时期的航空图片和卫星数据,分别对宜兴市194 9、196 6、1981、1984、1992、1996和2 0 0 0年的城区范围和耕地被占用情况进行监测。结果表明,5 0多年来宜兴城区面积从1 5km2 扩展到13 5km2 ,翻了3番多;城市扩展过程呈现两个阶段,即194 9～1984年的缓慢扩展阶段和1985～2 0 0 0年的快速扩展阶段,前一阶段年均扩展速度仅3% ,而后一阶段年均扩展速度达到2 1% ;各个时期城市扩展占用的土地中90 %以上是高质量的耕地,表明城市扩展成为耕地流失的主要因素之一。相关分析显示,城市扩展与工业发展关系最密切,工业发展为城区扩展提供了动力,而城区面积与第三产业比重的相关系数在三个产业中是最高的,表明宜兴城区成为该县第三产业的主要聚集地。从空间扩展过程来看,宜兴城区1984年以前沿着老城区零散填充式扩展,此后沿着公路快速扩展,并逐渐呈块状填充式扩展。由于宜兴处于苏南水网发达地区,水系严重制约了城市扩展的方向,而道路和桥梁建设则导引城市扩展方向     

基于地统计学和GIS的太湖典型地区土壤属性制图研究——以土壤全氮制图为例

在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下，运用地统计学方法对太湖典型地区耕层土壤全氮含量的空间变异特征进行分析，探讨了适用于研究区域土壤全氮制图的最佳邻域，并在此基础上利用块段克立格(Block Kriging)法绘制了土壤全氮含量空间分布图。结果表明，土壤全氮的空间变异性在40km步长变化域上表现为明显的各向同性，超出这个范围，土壤全氮空间变异的各向异性明显增强，以40km步长变化域上土壤全氮的空间结构特征作为Kriging插值依据有助于提高制图精度。制图结果表明，研究区域土壤全氮含量在江阴和宜兴两市境内普遍较高，锡山和武进两市相对较低；且高值斑块区主要分布在地势低洼的圩田区，这是人为施肥和土壤特性共同影响的结果。Kriging估值标准差分布图可为评价和提高制图精度提供十分有用信息。     

基于1:5万数据库研究土壤空间分异及其影响因素——以江苏省无锡和常州市为例

土壤数据库在土壤学研究工作中作为一种存储、分析工具的重要性是不言而喻的.本研究利用ArcGIS和Visual FoxPro建立了包括8 830个图斑、269个土壤剖面数据的无锡和常州市1：5万土壤数据库,根据“土壤质量演变规律与持续利用‘973＇项目”的土壤肥力质量指标（pH、速效磷和速效钾）和全国养分分级标准（全氮）编制出土壤表层（0～15 cm）pH、全氮、速效磷和速效钾的空间分异图,从中表明pH 1～2级的土壤占整个研究区面积90%左右;土壤养分全氮、速效磷和速效钾的空间分布有明显共同特征-太滆平田区养分含量要显著高于其他地区.对不同母质和不同土壤类型（亚类级别）间的土壤表层容重、粘粒、pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾进行了方差分析,结果显示,除全氮之外,其他属性均有显著差异.在1：5万尺度范围内,成土母质对pH、容重、全磷、有机质和速效钾起到主导作用,土壤类型对pH起到主导作用,成土母质对土壤属性的影响程度要大于土壤类型.